About
About this site
This research examines how generative AI fits into university work, how people respond when tools and tasks do not fit, and what preparation, checking and explanation remain around the outputs. It draws on my Staff Development Fund reporting workflow and interviews with eleven university staff.
This website presents the research through diagrams, examples and findings. Thesis section references point to the fuller discussion.
The thesis
| Title | Enterprise Generative AI Workability within a University: Sociotechnical Friction, Workaround Formation and Less Visible Work |
|---|---|
| Author | Shane Lee |
| Degree programme | Master of Science (Research) in Computing Sciences |
| Faculty | Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology |
| University | University of Technology Sydney |
| Principal supervisor | Baki Kocaballi |
| Co-supervisors | Bhuva Narayan and Simon Buckingham Shum |
| Ethics approval | UTS Human Research Ethics Committee, ETH25-10884 |
| Scholarship | Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship (doi.org/10.82133/C42F-K220) |
| Software | Lee, S. C. (2026). Staff Development Fund (SDF) processor (Version 1.0.0) [Computer software]. GitHub |
Scheduled thesis defence
| Date | 4 November 2026 |
|---|---|
| Panel chair | Nico Pietroni |
| Expert panel members | Dilek Cetindamar Kozanoglu and Gnana Bharathy |
Publication arising from this thesis
Lee, S. C., Narayan, B., Buckingham Shum, S., Ng, S., & Kocaballi, A. B. (2025). Making AI functional with workarounds: An insider’s account of invisible labour in organisational politics [Research-in-progress paper]. Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2025 Proceedings (Paper 73). AIS Electronic Library. https://aisel.aisnet.org/acis2025/73
References
References from the thesis.
- Alter, S. (2014). Theory of workarounds. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 34(1), 1041–1066. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03455
- Anderson, L. (2006). Analytic autoethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35(4), 373–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241605280449
- Autio, C., Schwartz, R., Dunietz, J., Jain, S., Stanley, M., Tabassi, E., Hall, P., & Roberts, K. (2024). Artificial intelligence risk management framework: Generative artificial intelligence profile (NIST AI 600-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.600-1
- Azad, B., & King, N. (2008). Enacting computer workaround practices within a medication dispensing system. European Journal of Information Systems, 17(3), 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2008.14
- Bainbridge, L. (1983). Ironies of automation. Automatica, 19(6), 775–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8
- Behrens, S., & Sedera, W. (2004). Why do shadow systems exist after an ERP implementation? Lessons from a case study. In PACIS 2004 Proceedings (Paper 136). https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2004/136
- Bommasani, R., Hudson, D. A., Adeli, E., Altman, R., Arora, S., von Arx, S., Bernstein, M. S., Bohg, J., Bosselut, A., Brunskill, E., Brynjolfsson, E., Buch, S., Card, D., Castellon, R., Chatterji, N., Chen, A., Creel, K., Davis, J. Q., Demszky, D., ... Liang, P. (2021). On the opportunities and risks of foundation models. Center for Research on Foundation Models, Stanford University. https://crfm.stanford.edu/report.html
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., Agarwal, S., Herbert-Voss, A., Krueger, G., Henighan, T., Child, R., Ramesh, A., Ziegler, D. M., Wu, J., Winter, C., ... Amodei, D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165
- Buck, C., Doctor, E., Eymann, T., & Simoes, E. J. (2020). A systematic literature review on antecedents of workarounds related to information systems in hospitals. In N. Gronau, M. Heine, H. Krasnova, & K. Pousttchi (Eds.), Entwicklungen, Chancen und Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung: Proceedings der 15. Internationalen Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI 2020) (pp. 664–679). GITO Verlag. https://doi.org/10.30844/wi_2020_f7-buck
- Ciborra, C. (2002). The labyrinths of information: Challenging the wisdom of systems. Oxford University Press.
- Dell’Acqua, F., McFowland, E., III, Mollick, E., Lifshitz, H., Kellogg, K. C., Rajendran, S., Krayer, L., Candelon, F., & Lakhani, K. R. (2026). Navigating the jagged technological frontier: Field experimental evidence of the effects of artificial intelligence on knowledge worker productivity and quality. Organization Science, 37(2), 403–423. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2025.21838
- de Vargas Pinto, A., Maçada, A. C. G., & Mallmann, G. L. (2018). Workaround behaviour in information systems research. Revista de Gestão, 25(4), 430–446. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-12-2017-0015
- Edwards, J. (2021). Ethical autoethnography: Is it possible? International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406921995306
- Fang, X., Xu, W., Tan, F. A., Zhang, J., Hu, Z., Qi, Y., Nickleach, S., Socolinsky, D., Sengamedu, S., & Faloutsos, C. (2024). Large language models (LLMs) on tabular data: Prediction, generation, and understanding – A survey. Transactions on Machine Learning Research. https://openreview.net/forum?id=IZnrCGF9WI
- Feldman, M., Friedler, S. A., Moeller, J., Scheidegger, C., & Venkatasubramanian, S. (2015). Certifying and removing disparate impact. In Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 259–268). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2783258.2783311
- Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
- Gasser, L. (1986). The integration of computing and routine work. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 4(3), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1145/214427.214429
- Hardwicke, N., & Riemer, K. (2018). Do you understand our understanding? Personas as hermeneutic tools in social technology projects. ACIS 2018 Proceedings, 89. https://doi.org/10.5130/acis2018.dn
- Huber, G. (2024). Exercising power in autoethnographic vignettes to constitute critical knowledge. Organization, 31(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505084221079006
- Lee, S. C. (2026). Staff Development Fund (SDF) processor (Version 1.0.0) [Computer software]. GitHub. https://github.com/shangchiehlee/data_automation/tree/main/SDF
- Lewis, P., Perez, E., Piktus, A., Petroni, F., Karpukhin, V., Goyal, N., Küttler, H., Lewis, M., Yih, W., Rocktäschel, T., Riedel, S., & Kiela, D. (2020). Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11401
- Liu, N. F., Lin, K., Hewitt, J., Paranjape, A., Bevilacqua, M., Petroni, F., & Liang, P. (2024). Lost in the middle: How language models use long contexts. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 12, 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00638
- Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
- O’Raghallaigh, P., McCarthy, S., & Adam, F. (2016). The complementary role of story and theory in IS autoethnography. In Pre-ICIS Workshop: Advances in Qualitative IS Research Methodologies. https://research.ucc.ie/en/publications/the-complementary-role-of-story-and-theory-in-is-autoethnography/
- O’Riordan, N. (2014). Autoethnography: Proposing a new research method for information systems research. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2014) (pp. 1–15). Association for Information Systems. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2014/proceedings/track03/6
- Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organization Science, 3(3), 398–427. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.3.398
- Orlikowski, W. J. (2008). Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations. In M. S. Ackerman, C. A. Halverson, T. Erickson, & W. A. Kellogg (Eds.), Resources, co-evolution and artifacts: Theory in CSCW (pp. 255–305). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-901-9_10
- Ouyang, L., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Almeida, D., Wainwright, C. L., Mishkin, P., Zhang, C., Agarwal, S., Slama, K., Ray, A., Schulman, J., Hilton, J., Kelton, F., Miller, L., Simens, M., Askell, A., Welinder, P., Christiano, P., Leike, J., & Lowe, R. (2022). Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155
- Passi, S., & Jackson, S. J. (2018). Trust in data science: Collaboration, translation, and accountability in corporate data science projects. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), Article 136, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274405
- Petrides, L. A., McClelland, S. I., & Nodine, T. R. (2004). Costs and benefits of the workaround: Inventive solution or costly alternative. International Journal of Educational Management, 18(2), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540410522234
- Sambasivan, N., Kapania, S., Highfill, H., Akrong, D., Paritosh, P., & Aroyo, L. M. (2021). “Everyone wants to do the model work, not the data work”: Data cascades in high-stakes AI. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Article 39, pp. 1–15). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445518
- Sculley, D., Holt, G., Golovin, D., Davydov, E., Phillips, T., Ebner, D., Chaudhary, V., Young, M., Crespo, J.-F., & Dennison, D. (2015). Hidden technical debt in machine learning systems. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 2, pp. 2503–2511). MIT Press. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/86df7dcfd896fcaf2674f757a2463eba-Abstract.html
- Si, C., Goyal, N., Wu, T., Zhao, C., Feng, S., Daumé, H., III, & Boyd-Graber, J. (2024). Large language models help humans verify truthfulness – except when they are convincingly wrong. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Vol. 1, pp. 1459–1474). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.81
- Simkute, A., Tankelevitch, L., Kewenig, V., Scott, A. E., Sellen, A., & Rintel, S. (2025). Ironies of generative AI: Understanding and mitigating productivity loss in human-AI interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 41(5), 2898–2919. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2405782
- Souppaya, M., Scarfone, K., & Dodson, D. (2022). Secure software development framework (SSDF) version 1.1: Recommendations for mitigating the risk of software vulnerabilities (NIST SP 800-218). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-218
- Sparkes, A. C. (2024). Autoethnography as an ethically contested terrain: Some thinking points for consideration. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 21(1), 107–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2023.2293073
- Strauss, A. (1985). Work and the division of labor. The Sociological Quarterly, 26(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1985.tb00212.x
- Sui, Y., Zou, J., Zhou, M., He, X., Du, L., Han, S., & Zhang, D. (2024). TAP4LLM: Table provider on sampling, augmenting, and packing semi-structured data for large language model reasoning. In Y. Al-Onaizan, M. Bansal, & Y.-N. Chen (Eds.), Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 (pp. 10306–10323). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.603
- Trist, E. (1981). The evolution of socio-technical systems: A conceptual framework and an action research program (Occasional Paper No. 2). Ontario Ministry of Labour, Ontario Quality of Working Life Centre.
- van den Broek, E. (2025). Unpacking AI at work: Data work, knowledge work, and values work. Information and Organization, 35(3), Article 100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2025.100584
- van der Maden, W., Sadek, M., Xiao, Z., Mottelson, A., Liao, Q. V., & Zhu, J. (2026). Results-actionability gap: Understanding how practitioners evaluate LLM products in the wild. In Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Article 18, pp. 1–17). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791069
- Veles, N., Graham, C., & Ovaska, C. (2023). University professional staff roles, identities, and spaces of interaction: Systematic review of literature published in 2000–2020. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 7(2), 127–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2023.2193826
- Wall, S. (2008). Easier said than done: Writing an autoethnography. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 7(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690800700103
- Wibisono, A., Alhassan, I., Sammon, D., Heavin, C., Kiely, G., & Suryani, E. (2019). Understanding theory of workarounds in practice. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.114
- Zinkevich, M. (2025, August 25). Rules of machine learning: Best practices for ML engineering. Google for Developers. https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/guides/rules-of-ml
- Zirar, A., Ali, S. I., & Islam, N. (2023). Worker and workplace artificial intelligence (AI) coexistence: Emerging themes and research agenda. Technovation, 124, Article 102747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102747